Reality Shows

Does anyone remember when he or she starts to become so thirsty for what those ordinary people do In grocery stores or why they cheat on their lovers? Our curiosities turn Into the most powerful Incentive of TV producers to keep contriving such shows In order to fulfill the voyeurs who sit lazily on the couch In front of television everyday. We look Into three fundamental principles of reality programs to analyze the relationship between viewers and reality shows: why reality shows are so appealing to American, how those shows affect both on mentalities of ewers and in the society, and what's the purpose for reality shows to exist nowadays.Exciting and unusual things can easily capture our attentions, especially something that barely happens in our daily lives but occurs every episode in reality shows, that's why reality shows become so appealing to the audience. The audience is picky nowadays, and the TV producers knew it intelligently from the beginning. Not only need to create an impeccable content of the show, more importantly, the show must be accompanied by some dramatic and intense storyline to cater to audience's reference.Furthermore, the fad that people chat with coworkers in their break time in the office about the reality show and scorn the artificial plot that they watched last night has become a pastime of work. Even though most of the time we can tell lucidly that those exaggerated plots in the show are premeditated, we seem to enjoy indefatigably anticipating the foreseen disasters from the show. For example, American Next Top Model, a popular fashion competition show in America. The main conception of this show is to explore a super model after several deferent intentions and challenges.If you think that's all about the show, you are totally wrong. The reason why the show becomes so alluring from 2003 is because people enjoy watching the lives in the luxurious dormitory of competitors In the show, and they usually form groups in the dorm and al ways argue with each other. The show used to be Just exploring female models, but these two seasons started to Include male models. Undoubtedly, as long as the show Involves males and females, It always contains the sexual relationship which appealing to audience.TV viewers need omitting that can thrill them In front of television as well as color their lives, and such stagy dramas exactly give them what they want. Nowadays, the unreal reality shows are more rampant than before, and the twisted thoughts, which convey through the shows that we watch everyday, have imperceptibly influenced our interpretations toward the reality in our minds and in Greener to explain how the reality shows affect viewers in different groups. For the most interesting part is how Waters analyzes that most of the occupations that we see in the reality shows are entertainers, athletes, and businessmen.A mere 6 to 10 percent of television characters hold blue-collar or service Job vs.. About 60 percent in th e real work force† (Water 139), we can see the imbalance between the shows and the reality that will cause the misleading notion for teenagers before having Jobs. One of the noteworthy reality show, Keeping Up with the Sardinian, most of the stars in this show are famous entertainers and live a affluence life, but they still keep complaining about some trivial things. Every episode focuses on each of their daily lives, their parties, weddings, shopping, and working.Those extravagant expenses on everything gradually twist the value of viewers, making those young people to think about that being an entertainer can easily make lots of money and own a life like the Sardinian. Just like what Waters states, muff almost never see the farmer, the factory worker, or the small businessman† (Waters 140). The misleading thoughts from the reality shows barely give the truth of the real world that we have to face, and those thoughts especially root in adolescents' minds.The reality sh ows is indispensable for the mass media nowadays since we canto eve without them anymore, and we also can barely avoid them when we turn on the TV. Reality shows seem to conform to every type of TV programs include adventure shows, celebrity shows, competition shows, and hidden camera shows etc. We find ourselves deeply addicted to season after season of reality shows, and TV producers make our dreams come true. The reality show isn't Just a pure entertainment in our free time, but become a habit in our lives. More dramatic plots are premeditated for the audience, the higher rating the show will get from the viewers. Reality Shows Does anyone remember when he or she starts to become so thirsty for what those ordinary people do In grocery stores or why they cheat on their lovers? Our curiosities turn Into the most powerful Incentive of TV producers to keep contriving such shows In order to fulfill the voyeurs who sit lazily on the couch In front of television everyday. We look Into three fundamental principles of reality programs to analyze the relationship between viewers and reality shows: why reality shows are so appealing to American, how those shows affect both on mentalities of ewers and in the society, and what's the purpose for reality shows to exist nowadays.Exciting and unusual things can easily capture our attentions, especially something that barely happens in our daily lives but occurs every episode in reality shows, that's why reality shows become so appealing to the audience. The audience is picky nowadays, and the TV producers knew it intelligently from the beginning. Not only need to create an impeccable content of the show, more importantly, the show must be accompanied by some dramatic and intense storyline to cater to audience's reference.Furthermore, the fad that people chat with coworkers in their break time in the office about the reality show and scorn the artificial plot that they watched last night has become a pastime of work. Even though most of the time we can tell lucidly that those exaggerated plots in the show are premeditated, we seem to enjoy indefatigably anticipating the foreseen disasters from the show. For example, American Next Top Model, a popular fashion competition show in America. The main conception of this show is to explore a super model after several deferent intentions and challenges.If you think that's all about the show, you are totally wrong. The reason why the show becomes so alluring from 2003 is because people enjoy watching the lives in the luxurious dormitory of competitors In the show, and they usually form groups in the dorm and al ways argue with each other. The show used to be Just exploring female models, but these two seasons started to Include male models. Undoubtedly, as long as the show Involves males and females, It always contains the sexual relationship which appealing to audience.TV viewers need omitting that can thrill them In front of television as well as color their lives, and such stagy dramas exactly give them what they want. Nowadays, the unreal reality shows are more rampant than before, and the twisted thoughts, which convey through the shows that we watch everyday, have imperceptibly influenced our interpretations toward the reality in our minds and in Greener to explain how the reality shows affect viewers in different groups. For the most interesting part is how Waters analyzes that most of the occupations that we see in the reality shows are entertainers, athletes, and businessmen.A mere 6 to 10 percent of television characters hold blue-collar or service Job vs.. About 60 percent in th e real work force† (Water 139), we can see the imbalance between the shows and the reality that will cause the misleading notion for teenagers before having Jobs. One of the noteworthy reality show, Keeping Up with the Sardinian, most of the stars in this show are famous entertainers and live a affluence life, but they still keep complaining about some trivial things. Every episode focuses on each of their daily lives, their parties, weddings, shopping, and working.Those extravagant expenses on everything gradually twist the value of viewers, making those young people to think about that being an entertainer can easily make lots of money and own a life like the Sardinian. Just like what Waters states, muff almost never see the farmer, the factory worker, or the small businessman† (Waters 140). The misleading thoughts from the reality shows barely give the truth of the real world that we have to face, and those thoughts especially root in adolescents' minds.The reality sh ows is indispensable for the mass media nowadays since we canto eve without them anymore, and we also can barely avoid them when we turn on the TV. Reality shows seem to conform to every type of TV programs include adventure shows, celebrity shows, competition shows, and hidden camera shows etc. We find ourselves deeply addicted to season after season of reality shows, and TV producers make our dreams come true. The reality show isn't Just a pure entertainment in our free time, but become a habit in our lives. More dramatic plots are premeditated for the audience, the higher rating the show will get from the viewers.

Counter-Argument Essay

The recent increase of violence at schools has proved the inconsistence of previous preventive measures. There is a persistent need to find a new solution for the existing problem of school shooting. The number of school shooting victims increases with each day, this is why the newly designed preventive measures should be fast, effective, and should not cause any side effects to those who study and work at schools. In this situation metal detectors at schools remain the only promising perspective which will minimize the incidence of violence against teenagers and their teachers.Metal detectors should be installed at schools because they would detect weapons that could be used to commit violent crimes, even though many people think that this would not stop crimes. Metal detectors at schools There is no official statistics as for the number of victims and incidents of school violence through the period between 2005 and 2008. However, it is not difficult to create the timeline of the ma jor school shootings in the U. S. for the last three years.â€Å"March 21, 2005 (Red Lake, Minnesota): Jeff Weise, 16, killed grandfather and companion, then arrived at school where he killed a teacher, a security guard, 5 students, and finally himself. November 58, 2005 (Jacksboro, Tennessee): One 15-year-old shot and killed an assistant principal at Campbell County High School and seriously wounded two other administrators. September 26, 2006 (Bailey, Colorado): adult male held six students hostage at Platte Canyon High School and then shot and killed Emily Keyes, 16, and himself† (Infoplease).This list can be further expanded, and there is no visible tendency towards the decrease of school crimes. The problem is aggravated by the fact that only few schools use metal detectors as a security measure: â€Å"in 2005, nearly all (99 percent) students ages 12-18 observed the use of at least one of the selected security measures at their school. [†¦] Metal detectors were th e least observed of the selected safety and security measures: 11 percent of students reported the use of metal detectors in their school. † (Indicator 21)Of course, it is difficult to argue that metal detectors are expensive, but is it ethical to speak about financial costs when it comes to protecting lives and health of children? For example, the Cleveland City Council had to invest $2. 5 million of state money into equipping its schools with metal detector (Wagner). For many people this sum sounds as viable justification of why metal detectors should not be installed at schools. Simultaneously, this sum becomes meaningless against the value of students and teachers’ safety.Moreover, metal detectors are presented in several different forms, and each school may choose the product to suit its needs and budget. When parents feel that their children are not safe, they start looking for other alternatives which would secure their children from being involved into tragic ac cidents at school. This is why metal detectors should be installed at schools to detect the weapons, and ultimately, to keep children from leaving to another school. Despite the high price of metal detectors, they have already proved to be an efficient instrument in decreasing violence and preventing shooting and other related accidents at schools.Five public schools of New York were participating in the experiment, which was aimed at determining the effectiveness of metal detectors. â€Å"In a report to the Board of Education, the Chancellor said that 820 weapons had been found on students or near the search areas at five schools. Only five weapons were firearms† (Gootman A3). It is possible to state that the experiment was successful: metal detectors not only helped find weapons, but discouraged pupils and students from bringing weapons to school.The discussion of metal detectors’ benefits will be incomplete if we do not analyze the successes of certain schools which already use metal detectors. The example of John F. Kennedy High School in Bronx is very illustrative due to the fact that it was traditionally one of the most problematic educational entities in Bronx area. After one of the students was stabbed to death by a school companion, the principal directed significant resources at reviving school safety. The metal detector has helped detect numerous box-cutters before they were carried inside the school building; the fights in the hallway have remained in the past.This is what the students and teachers said about the new metal detecting guard: â€Å"In terms of security, it’s been a blessing. [†¦] I feel a lot safer. I was very afraid† (Gootman, A3). To be honest, it is not very clear why so many people vote against the use of metal detectors at schools. It seems that the high price of these useful devices is the only justification for those who refuse to recognize the benefits of metal detectors. For some reason, paren ts think that THIS will never happen to THEIR children.Simultaneously, metal detectors are extremely effective in preventing the incidence of violence at schools. Childhood is the period of extreme emotions and unreasonable actions. Metal detectors may actually prevent the child from committing a crime which he might be later regretting for the rest of his life. Metal detectors may save thousands of children’s lives. They are expensive, but these expenses are reasonable when we want to feel safe during our lessons. Conclusion Evidently, there are not so many reasons against installing metal detectors at schools.For those who vote against such measures, the price of metal detectors is the basic argument. However, the life of a child is priceless. Our parents have to understand that they can protect our lives when we are at school, and metal detectors have proved to be a success in this safety campaign. Each school should have a metal detector not only to detect weapons, but to discourage students from bringing weapons to school. Works Cited Gootman, E. â€Å"Metal Detectors and Pep Rallies: Revival of a Bronx High School. † The New York Times, February 4, 2004, p. A3. Indicator 21.â€Å"Students’ Reports of Safety and Security Measures Observed at School. † 2007. National Center for Educational Statistics. 22 February 2008. http://nces. ed. gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2007/ind_21. asp Infoplease. â€Å"A Timeline of Recent Worldwide School Shootings. † 2008. Infoplease. com. 22 February 2008. http://www. infoplease. com/ipa/A0777958. html Wagner, J. L. â€Å"Metal Detectors Approved for Cleveland Schools, Will Cost $3. 3 million. † 2007. Cleveland. com. 22 February 2008. http://blog. cleveland. com/metro/2007/10/metal_detectors_approved_for_c. html

Year 1987 as a break point in the development of the chinese Fifth Essay

Year 1987 as a break point in the development of the chinese Fifth Generation filmmakers - Essay Example The decades also saw a rapid growth in the education of the people. A special group of people, studying the art of film making defied the norms for film making, questioning and scrutinizing every single act of their profession. They devised new methods of taking shots, and they were eager to showcase their talents and break the inherent rules of film making. The consequence of which is the birth of fifth generation filmmakers - Zhang Yimou, Tian Zhuangzhuang, Chen Kaige, etc. They revolutionized filmmaking and opened new markets for Chinese films in the West. The critically acclaimed western directors took notice of their talents and the films of these directors such as Yellow Earth, Red Sorghum, etc., won high accolades from the film ‘circle’. To analyze more about the development of fifth generation and its implications on the Chinese film industry, a critical review of the films released during that period can be taken into consideration. Xudong Zhang and Rey Chowâ₠¬â„¢s critical analysis of the films â€Å"King of the Children†, directed by Chen Kaige and â€Å"Red Sorghum† by Yimou Zhang can lead the right pathway to understand why 1987 is considered to be the breakpoint in the development of fifth generation filmmakers. ... It was the third film of Chen Kaige, revolving around a simple man, who goes out to a remote place, outside of his city to teach illiterate people. In the process, he finds out the troubles and suffering of the people with the lack of proper materials to educate themselves and the consequences of the socio economic changes. Chen tries to portray the lack of food, poverty, unemployment and lack of education prevalent in China during this period. In a period where martial arts and urban culture reigned supreme, Chen’s work proved to be an unthinkable one, defying the rules laid out by the censor boards of that time. Irrespective of all its critical appreciations, the film somehow failed to achieve commercial success both in international as well as domestic level. Xudong Zhang’s views According to Zhang, â€Å"King of the Children† released in 1987 needs to be appreciated for two major reasons – its aesthetic nature of film making and its bold way of storyte lling breaking all the norms of the social culture present in that era. Despite this and â€Å"Red Sorghum† being the only films with a more rural background of all the movies from the fifth generation film makers, they actually epitomized the significance of these people. What really impresses Zhang about the film is the ability and skill of the director to bring out his own personal experience combined with the social plundering happening across the country in a melancholic and subtle way, pushing the cinematic modernism to its peak. The thing that befuddles the author is the failure of the film which is considered to be the â€Å"ultimate emblem of China’s Fifth Generation Film† (Zhang 1997). Although the film maker considers it to be an expected occurrence from

Fukuyama's End of History and the Muslim World Research Paper

Fukuyama's End of History and the Muslim World - Research Paper Example The modern materialistic living style of the western world will influence the third world countries like a giant storm giving them no chance to think about an alternate, peaceful living style. Everybody will wear western clothing, eat their food and follow their lifestyle. Two decades after the book had been written we can now see most of his views have come true. There is a long queue covering three streets in China to buy the new iPhone which will be released in the US the day after. People in Korea alter their children’s tongue at a young age, so that they can speak better English and the most closed markets like India extend a red carpet welcome to Foreign Direct Investment, which comes from west, not from any developing country like Thailand or Indonesia. By far, the one and only people trying to resist these changes are the Islamists. They shoot the girl who wants to learn to read, write and barricade themselves from all scientific advantages in the name of religion. Who is right Fukuyama or the Islamists? In course of time, History will prove both wrong (Lal, 2006). Fukuyama’s theory states that capitalism which started to triumph at the death of communism, in the end of cold war will establish a ‘universal consumer culture’2 which will sweep down the ethical entities ingrained deeply in every individual. This is exactly what we see today. Education is no more a way to hone a skill. It is marks earned to secure a job with high earnings which in turn helps in buying ample things feeding the consumerism. So is it really the end of all indigenous ideologies which had been passed on from one generation to another. Not exactly because every ideology will keep evolving to some other form and liberal democracy is no exception (Marks, n.d.). Liberal democracy which simply evolved from communism based democracy eliminating its flaws and frays, will evolve into something better in the near future. Liberalism and Democracy themselves do n ot go hand in hand. There are several third world countries which struggle to use liberalism to their economic benefit. As Karl Marx stated, they will realize sooner or later, capitalism will lead to overproduction, low cost, scanty wages and unemployment doing more harm than good in the long run.3 They will start looking for alternate ideologies automatically leading to a better form of government and economic management. History proved aristocracy and communism cannot succeed. Likewise it will prove liberal democracy will also dwindle in some point of time in this 21st century (Marx & Engels, 1848). Do Islamists Have the Answer? Is Islamic idealism the core answer for an alternate ideology opposing liberal democracy? The answer is most certainly no because, evolution should lead to something which is better than the previous methods. But, Islamic ideologies force people to go back to the primitive living condition. Of course too much of sweet is bad for health. The available medic ine might have lots of side effects. But, a new alternate medicine or an ancient medicine which will cure the disease should be invented or revived, instead of banning the usage of sweets completely from life. Do the Islamists agree with it? Mainstream Islamic people do agree with it hundred percent. Karshidshak who worked in Iraq with the Muslim soldiers admits they are like any modern American youngsters longing for the latest model mobile and waiting to

Big Event Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Big Event Financial Management - Essay Example With every FIFA football world cup event, host countries are required to have a minimum of eight highly accredited stadiums and two standby stadiums in case something happens to one or any of the eight reserved for the event. In the recently held FIFA world cup in Brazil, the nation was required to construct new additional stadiums to supplement the already existing fields. Similarly, the Olympic Games have become an extremely costly venture to undertake, especially for the host cities because of the infrastructural improvements that have to be done. Some of the improvements that have to be undertaken include the road networks, communication networks and accommodation facilities within the host cities. Because of the amount of work and funds needed to be invested to successfully host the Olympic events, organizers for the event in the past selected developed nations such as England and Italy and the United States. Out of the possible twenty-seven Summer Olympic Games held since its i nception, Mexico and Brazil are the only developing economies to have hosted the event outside Europe, the United States and developed nations of Asia. Cities such as Seoul and Barcelona used the event to overhaul their urban infrastructure completely. Such was the opportunity that organizers for the event in the two cities were looking out for, to create long lasting positive economic effects that would surely pay off the costs of laying out the infrastructure in the long run.

An Imperial Antonine Woman Sculpture Analysis Research Paper

An Imperial Antonine Woman Sculpture Analysis - Research Paper Example It also has an association with the 4th century B. C artistry. The artistry of making sculptures in Italy had a stylish cycle, with every cycle having alternately realistic elements that depend on political and social happenings of the time (Daehner 88). Each stage of the sculptures, therefore, emphasized on unique representation. The imperial antonine Woman Sculpture was a work in the second century A.D. The political happenings of the time had immense influence of art. During this time, the Roman emperors’ office had prestigious offices occupied by the elite civilians. This promoted artworks. The work dates back to the early antonine period of Italian artistry. The sculpture, made in the second century is significant for its relationship with the imperial past. For instance, it may have an association with the Livia. Livia was a wife of Augustus in the imperial past (Wood 131). It also has an association with antonine women in the preceding generation after the second century. It also has it also has an association with the great and much appreciated works as the Marcus Arelius. The artistry evokes thoughts about Faustina. This was the elder and wife to Antoninus Pius. The portrait may also have links with the Faustina the younger who was their daughter. This later became the wife of Aurelius. The sculpture has its adaptation in the roman culture. It is a depiction of the high-class and women with high commemoration. It was a depiction of the highly valued women in the roman culture of the times. The great-embodied figure of the artistic work shows the woman of the Italian culture who has a lot of dignity and respect in the society. The high value displayed in the artistry has an association with distinguished women of the times. The veil had erotic an association (James and Dillon 459). The hair was a sign that had a link with modesty in women. The palla, piece of cloth wrapped on the head and extends over the back, had an association

How to create resilient supply chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

How to create resilient supply chains - Essay Example The process is also critical in planning of the production and supply process, improvement of relationships with suppliers, event management, international trade logistics, and transportation management (Fawcett, Ellram & Ogden 2007). This management is necessary for any enterprise that aspires to improve efficiency. The outcome of a well-managed is the difference between the success and the failure of the enterprise. Creation of a resilient chain is, therefore, an important part in the success of a business entity. Objectives of a supply chain management system An example of a supply chain is a manufacturing chain, which involves the procurement of raw materials, transformation of these raw materials into finished goods, and then transportation to distribution centers, and eventually to consumers. According to Beckmann (2003) the primary objective of the process is to maximize the general value generated. This value is the difference between effort expended in satisfying the custome r’s request and the final products worth to the consumer. These chains are strongly connected with the profitability, which is the margin between the proceeds generated from the consumer and the general cost across the chain. This system is, therefore, aimed at reducing costs related to customer satisfaction (Mentzer et al. 2001). Effective management of the process can results can also reduce the risks associated with breakdowns in the chain. Management also ensures that resources are used elsewhere. Through the reduction in costs, it is possible to transfer the resources that are saved to other productive activities. The management is also influential in the enhancement of management operations (Tan 2001). A steady chain implies more efficient operations which improves the overall productivity and profitability of the business. A properly managed chain also facilitates delivery of quality products over a smaller period (Cohen & Roussel 2005). Issues that affect the supply c hain process A major issue that affects the supply chain is strategy alignment. It is crucial that the business strategy must be in line with the supply strategy in order to attain its desired results (Chen & Paulraj 2004). However, where these strategies are not aligned, there is a higher risk of breakdown in the chain. If the strategy does not work in synchrony with the business strategy, it becomes difficult to properly coordinate the entire process (Arend & Wisner 2005). A poor strategy can also undermine the effectiveness of the supply process. A good strategy must focus on both customer satisfaction and effectiveness, and where these objectives are not met the supply process cannot be effective (Gunasekaran & Ngai 2005). Strategic alliances are particularly essential for the flow of materials, information or money in the supply chain and it needs to be even. This can be achieved through proper communication with strategic alliances (Storey et al 2006). Supply chain risks Busin ess risks can be externally driven such as customers, competitors, regulations or internally driven risks that include processing and operations. Risks can also be decision-driven such as erroneous or insufficient decision support (Stadtler 2008). In assessing risks, that affect supply chains, it is imperative to categorize these risks according to risk sources,

An overview of YouTube Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An overview of YouTube - Essay Example An overview of YouTube â€Å"YouTube was founded by three former PayPal employees, who, witnessing the boom of online grassroots video, realized the need for a decent service that made the process of uploading, watching and sharing videos hassle-free† (Yadav). It was on February 15, 2005 that they registered the domain YouTube. In the initial periods YouTube came out with many contests in order to publicize the domain. The major target of YouTube was teenagers and college students. They offered attractive gifts for the winners of the contest. This created more traffic in the website. A person can watch the videos in YouTube even without registering. But if he intends to upload a video into YouTube, he should at first create an account with it. Both signing up process and uploading video are made simpler than what was during the initial stages. YouTube uses Adobe flash technology for enabling the videos to be watched on the internet. YouTube and Web 2.0: Web 2.0 is referred to as the network of websites that are used regularly by ordinary users. The ordinary users of the web are referred to the students, hobbyists, diarists etc. The ordinary users express themselves through their avatar in various social networking sites and blogs. â€Å"You can visualize Web 2.0 as a set of principles and practices that tie together a veritable solar system of sites that demonstrate some or all of those principles, at a varying distance from that core† (Tim). Thus they look for an opportunity to express them through internet.

A History of Labour Day in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A History of Labour Day in Canada - Essay Example On a Sunday evening a century ago this weekend, 14,000 francophone workers gathered on Old Montreal to prepare for Labor Day. Instead of shouting through the streets, they quietly converged in Notre Dame Church, where Paul Bruschesi, then Archbishop of Montreal, urged them to shun strikes and show reverence to their employers. That same day, 2,000 Anglophone workers descended on what later became St. Patrick's Basilica, in the core of modern downtown Montreal, to prepare for the next day's parade. They heard the identical don't-rock-the-boat message as clergy instructed them to put their trust in church arbitrators to resolve disputes over pay, hours and conditions of work and other issues. Now two Toronto historians have crafted an illuminating, sometimes offensive retrospective of how Labor Day has been marked across Canada. With anecdotes like those above, York University history professor Craig Heron and Steve Penfold, an assistant professor of history at the University of Toront o, deliver substantial analysis. They show how the Labor movement has evolved since the 1880s, along with Canadian society as a whole. In many parts of the country, "Labor Day would eventually die out completely as a workers' festival, or limp on as a spiritless exercise in commercialized civic boosterism" Strong words, Stirring prose.In significant ways, the authors conclude, Labor Day in Canada "is the story of a holiday that never really belonged to workers" and has been supplanted by such holidays as May Day and International Women's Day. Their tone is not entirely bitter or sardonic, though. Heron and Penfold linger in loving detail over the floats, costumes, banners and placards that once made Labor Day parades a key event on community calendars. And they illustrate their points with superbly evocative photos. Even readers inclined to disagree with their hard-edged assessments will concede that Heron and Penfold have laid invaluable groundwork in an area that to date has been poorly documented. They note that times have changed. Early in the last century, "no Asian workers from British Columbia's fish-packin g plants and sawmills ever got invitations to join the West Coast marchers. "In fact," they add, "Victoria's tailors carried a banner in 1901 blaming the Chinese for their plight." Heron and Penfold were hampered, while researching the book, by the fact that few records of past Labor Days have survived, beyond newspaper accounts of the day. In typically quiche fashion, they note that an 1898 parade float by Winnipeg tailors lambasted the awarding of a city-council contract for firemen's uniforms to a local sweat shop -- an open display of dissent that was "apparently ignored by the mainstream newspapers." They learned of it from a small workers' newspaper. In this painstakingly researched volume they elaborate how Labor Day parades have had splendid moments in our history. Primarily, the parades were a much sought-after festival aimed at eliciting attention to the role and needs of Labor. They became a very rich art form developed jointly by organized workers in Canada. Nevertheless, they were also bitterly disheartening to those who attempted to indulge masses of workers in the celebration. The first Labor Day procession was in Toronto in 1882. At that time one of the demands of Labor was to call for a public enquiry into the status of

Economic Development Programs Essay Example for Free

Economic Development Programs Essay Within my community, there are several development programs which have been established for the purposes of making the community more directly participative in economic development. Such programs include agricultural development programs, business development programs as well as higher education economic development programs. These programs will be addressed in this paper, with specific attention to the key actors/players in the programs, the short and long term goals of these programs, and also the political and economic issues they face in the process of promoting economic development in the region. Agricultural finance programs To begin with, there are special loan programs for new ranchers and farmers in this region, the most infamous one being the Aggie Bond Beginning Farmer Loan Programs. Through Aggie Board Loan Programs, the state helps the newly established farmers in the region to obtain loans for purchasing land and equipments, for breeding farm animals and for the construction of farm buildings (NCOSAFP, 2010). The main players/actors in Aggie Bond Program include the lending institutions (which are in collaboration with the state administration), state administration itself—playing the role of assisting beginner farmers and ranchers to obtain low rate interest loans which are exempt from federal income tax—and the ranchers/farmers who participate in the program. The federal government is also indirectly involved in these programs since it is the one that facilitates the provision of tax exemption on the interest income. Besides obtaining loans at reduced interest rates, the financial risks on loans solely rest with the lending institutions which have established for these purposes (NCOSAFP, 2010). The short term goals of Aggie Bond Programs are to act as the capital base for individuals or partnerships within the state who desire to engage in ranching, farming or both, but lack adequate financial resources to do so (NCOSAFP, 2010). In so doing, they provide all the necessary financial resources to individuals and transfer the credit decisions to the lending institutions. On the other hand, the long term goal of Aggie Board Programs is to facilitate economic growth and development within the state and the nation at large, through optimum utilization of the agricultural resources within the state and taking advantage of the tax-exempt provisions by the federal government. The program also aims at encouraging the spirit of entrepreneurship within the state through assisting potential entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector to unleash their potential (NCOSAFP, 2010). The key economic problem that the actors in these programs face is mostly the failure of the farmers to repay loans granted due to unproductive farm activities or catastrophes which damage the farming/ ranching establishmentespecially nature catastrophes (NCOSAFP, 2010). This becomes a setback all the players involved because the farmers undergoes serious financial losses, the lender incurs bad debts, the state and the federal government loses the potential economic contribution from the entrepreneur. Political issues on the other hand arise from the Aggie bond allocations and apportionments among the lending bodies. For instance, after a serious debate on the farm bill, the maximum bond allocation was increased from $469 200 in 2009 to 470,100 this year and the actors have been involved in political discussions regarding the meager increments and how it would be equally apportioned to the lending institutions (NCOSAFP, 2010). Business financing programs The other type of economic development programs are the business financing development programs. These programs are so closely related to the Aggie Bond Programs in that they offer loans for many kinds of business businessmen in the state. However, there is a slight different from the one discussed above because this program finances both established as well as new business-people in the industry. For the new entrants, capital is provided while for the already existing business people, the required funds for activities such as expansion and boosting for those experiencing serious financial traps is availed (OK Commerce, 2010). The actors in these programs are established lending institutions and the business community. They include; Economic Development Administration, the Bureau Of Indian Affairs Loan Guaranty Fund, The Industrial Finance Authority, Capital Access Program, and the Linked Deposit Loan Programs. The short term goals of these programs is to provide short term business financing to the business community to solve short term cash problems, while the long term goals are to offer long term low interest loans to major business persons/ institutions to solve serious and long range financial issues (OK Commerce, 2010). Mostly, these programs do not face much political issues as compared to the economic issues which are tied to the unsecured loans and competition. While the unsecured loans may sometimes compel the lending institution to file cases in the legal system against errant and faulting business people, the competition from other existing lending institutions makes them too congested in the estate (OK Commerce, 2010). Higher education programs The state also has a Higher Education Economic Development Program. This program is designed in such way as to generate partnerships between businesses and higher education institutions within the state in order to nurture higher learning via State Regents’ Economic Development Grants. Nominations are made from the institutions and assessed by State Regents’ staff committee. Submissions are made just once for every partnership, and a limit of twenty five recognitions can be made annually (OK Highered, 2010). The actors in this program are basically partnering institutions, which usually pay $500 coordinated by the state regents. The money provided is used for internships for students of institutions to work in the enterprises of partnering business, faculty externships with partnering businesses, tuition waivers to partnering businesses’ staff members, and development of partnerships with supplementary equipment, supplies and materials (OK Highered, 2010). The short term and long term a goal of this program is the same: to facilitate economic development through partnering for the purposes of higher education. In so doing, the partnering members are able to assist each other in catering for the expenses of higher education to ensure that none is left out. In addition, they promote economic growth growth of the member businesses through materials and other kinds of supplies using the funds contributed by each partner (OK Highered, 2010). Just like the other economic development programs mentioned above, this program also faces a number of political and economical problems in its endeavors to accomplish goals and objectives. On the economic part, the program currently has a capacity of twenty two member universities and sometimes, the resources available from the partnership funds cannot meet all the needs of the partners: consequently, the process of assisting members cater for higher education needs has to take longer than the members desire (OK Highered, 2010). This basically, has the result of slowing down the accomplishment of goals and also sometimes results to withdraw of some impatient partners. In addition, the members have too much higher education needs such that the partnership has only to cater for a small percentage of the required amounts. In so doing, the economic goals are partially and not wholly accomplished. Politically, the program is not affected by external politics, but rather by internal politics among the members which mostly results from conflicting interests amongst the members and also in the selection of the leaders who will foresee the management of operations and finances (OK Highered, 2010). However, such issues have been solved successfully within the environs of the partnership. References NCOSAFP (2010). Types of state agricultural finance programs. Retrieved from http://www. stateagfinance. org/types. html OK Commerce (2010). Business financing programs. Retrieved from http://www. okcommerce. gov/Start-A-Business/Financing-Programs/ OK Highered (2010). Economic development grant for the partnership development program. Retrieved from http://www. okhighered. org/econ-dev/partner-recog. shtml

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay This case study is in relation to a 19 year old adult, Shaku who suffers from learning disability. Shakus heritage is East African/ Punjabi and both her parents are people who work full time. Shaku lives with her parents, bothers, sister and grand mother. The family of Shaku is not a devoted Muslim family but it has been observed that they value their traditions. Regarding Shakus learning disability, her speech is impaired and she is physically disabled and requires assistance with personal care tasks. Although she is disabled, but she is like a normal girl in many ways, who loves fashionable cloths, loves to watch movies and misses her friends from school. Shaku has a speech and language therapist, Jean who is working with her with computerized assistive technology. A learning disability affects the way someone learns, communicates or does some everyday things. Someone has a learning disability all through his or her life. There are many different types of learning disability. They can be mild, moderate or severe. Some people with a mild learning disability do not need a lot of support in their lives. But other people may need support with all sorts of things, like getting dressed, going shopping, or filling out forms. Some people with a learning disability also have a physical disability. This can mean they need a lot of mental and physical support 24 hours a day. Shaku has been attending a local authority ran day centre, Hopefield Road Resource Centre for people with learning disabilities three times a week for the last 12 months. In addition to this she has a care agency, Helpful hands visiting at home three times a day, for one and a half hours at a time to help her with simple everyday tasks. Shaku is getting more and more frustrated and angry everyday. There are many reasons for her verbally abusive out bursts. After interviewing her, this is what I came to know about her family back ground and the way things are going for Shaku. Shaku feels she is a burden on her parents, as both of them are working parents; they do not have the time to look after her. This also frustrated Shaku as she needs more time from people who love her and are close to her. Shaku does get some amount of support from her grandmother but that is not enough as she can not openly communicate with her in Punjabi. Shaku feels uncomfortable being left up to others. Even though she can not perform everyday tasks by herself, she still finds this inconvenient. For example, she does not like to go to bed early. Shaku is disturbed by the thought of the centre closing because then she would not have any activities to do. Although Shaku portrays a friendly attitude towards Kerry, she is not comfortable with her presence and is somewhat feeling being abused. Another important issue in Shakus life is about what will happen to her in future. She is unsure and uncertain. Her parents plan on marrying her, to which she does not give a favourable response. Explain the likely policy and legislative framework which underpins the scenario as it is and that may assist this situation. Discuss the likely impact, usefulness and limitations of such policy and legislative framework. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ people with learning disabilities are citizens first and foremost, and public services, together with the private sector, need to respond appropriately. This means that the responsibility to ensure that all people can enter the workforce is a communitybased responsibility not one simply for health and social care; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ effective person-centred planning is critical, as it ensures services fit the needs of the individual, rather than fitting people into what is available; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ recognising the importance of employment whilst still at school is critical. Ensuring effective individualised transition planning and implementation from education to employment could have a dramatic and long lasting effect on the life experiences of this group and other services; Under the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(1) Shaku is eligible for an assessment of need for community care services. Furthermore, according to The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(2) Shaku has additional rights that are defined in this act because she suffers from learning and physical disabilities. Under Section 4 of the Disabled Persons (Services and Consultation and Representation) Act 1986, local authorities will need to come to a decision regarding the services that are necessary to be provided to Shaku. The Carers and Disabled Childrens Act 2000 gives carers the right to ask for an assessment of their own needs to help them to continue to care, irrespective of whether the person they are caring for has had or is having their own needs assessment. The assessment is available to any carer who provides or is intending to provide regular and substantial care. The Carers and Disabled Act 2000 also allows, Social Service Departments to provide services directly to carers. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA) also applied to Shaku as she has a disability of both physical and mental impairment. As this law states, Shaku will have access to reasonable adjustment to fight with her disability. Shaku is encouraged to take part in public life as this Act has changed the law and extended the rights of disabled people in relation to using transport services, joining private clubs, strengthens rights in the areas of renting premises and discriminatory job advertisements. People like Shaku will receive full support from public bodies and will feel confidence in mingling with the public. Shaku is a Vulnerable Adult, according to the definition of No Secrets A person aged 18 years or over who is or maybe in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness. The Sexual Offences Act 1956 gives Shaku the protection and rights as any other girl. She has rights to: a) To have and enjoy a fulfilling personal relationship; b) The right to express sexual need in an appropriate way if they wish to; c) To privacy; d) To be sexually active; e) To have sexual education, including counselling on personal relationships, sex and sexuality, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases; f) To contraceptive advice and support services; g) To marry or cohabit; h) To make an informed choice about whether or not to have children; i) To be free from exploitation, abuse and degrading treatment; In Shakus case, Kerry is not having a sexual relationship with her but she is being abused to the extent of calling names and touching parts of the body. Section 128 of the Mental Health Act 1959,states that it is an offence for a male member of staff or manager of a hospital or mental nursing home to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who is for the time being receiving treatment for mental disorder or is an out patient at the hospital or home. It is also an offence for a guardian to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a person in his custody/care (Mental Health Act 1948) or in Part 111 accommodation (National Assistance Act 1948). The Sexual Offences Act 1967 also makes it an offence for a male member of staff to commit acts of gross indecency on male patients. All prosecutions require the Director of Public Prosecutions consent. According to the Human Rights Act, rights of people with learning disabilities are the same as of their fellow citizens. In March 2008 the Joint Committee on Human Right declared that the HRA provides a legal framework for service providers to abide by, and for service users to demand that they are treated with respect for their dignity. According to the Human Rights Act, Shaku has the right to marry or refuse at her own free will. Shaku is over 18 years old and if she understands the nature of the marriage, she can get married without her parents consent. Otherwise, she would have to have permission of her parents. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (the Act) provides the legal framework for acting and making decisions on behalf of Shaku as she lacks the mental capacity to make particular decisions for herself. The person that makes the decision for Shaku will have to adhere with this Act. The five statutory principles are: 1. A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established that they lack capacity. 2. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision unless all practicable steps to help him to do so have been taken without success. 3. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision merely because he makes an unwise decision. 4. An act done, or decision made, under this Act for or on behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, in his best interests. 5. Before the act is done, or the decision is made, regard must be had to whether the purpose for which it is needed can be as effectively achieved in a way that is less restrictive of the persons rights and freedom of action. The deputy should keep a few things in mind when making decisions; they should only make those decisions they are authorized by the court. They should let the person make the decisions whenever they can, always put they persons best interests first. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 banned the ill treatment of disabled people. The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 and the Disability Equality Duty Act promotes disability equality, takes steps to eradicate discrimination and harassment. These laws make the world an easier place to live in for Shaku. Shaku comes from a minority ethnic background which is why she is subject to discrimination and needs a high level of support. According to the Learning Disability Task Force; people belonging from minority ethnic groups experience poverty, racism, discrimination in employment, education, health and social services. There are a few services which adhere to hold sufficient skills which are needed to work with people with learning disabilities from minority ethnic communities. To prtoct people suffereing from learning disabilities Government departments and local statutory providers are expected to act in accordance with the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000.  [1]   As mentioned in the Department of Health document; Valuing People Now, a strategy has been set out where all the basic rights in relation to health, inclusion in all the aspects of community, housing education, work, having a family, advocacy, transport, leisure services and social activities, safety in the community and at home, access to justice rights of people with learning disabilities. According to the Governments White Paper Valuing People: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century Shaku has the rights to be educated and have access to employment opportunities. Having an education and earning forherself can make Shaku more independent and confident about her self as time goes by and even diminish the disabilities she has. From these benefits she can also achieve inclusion and visibility in the community. The Working Group research shows the objectives of people with learning disabilities are not different from those of the 6.9 million disabled people of working age in Great Britain. The Working Group also possesses evidence unemployment is damaging to both mental and physical health. Under the Government policy, Shaku is eligible for higher education rights. She can access vocational educational training courses. To get Shaku ready for employment, Entry to Employment (E2E) is a flexible work-based learning programme established across England. E2E concentrates many concerns about the accessibility of work towards young people with learning disabilities. It is an entry/level 1 programme which is proposed to help young people to conquer obstacles that confine their advancement to higher levels. Each programme covers three core areas; basic and key skills, vocational development, and personal and social development. Part C Recommendations Discuss the social work interventions which would be required in this scenario: what would you need to do and how you would approach the scenario? Critically evaluate different options you could consider. First of all, Shaku and her problems need to be understood properly. Everything that is to be done should be in the best interests of Shaku. Better communication methods than speech need to be used when communicating with Shaku, such as pictures, simple text, tapes and videos. When communicating with Shaku, she should be addressed directly giving her a self of confidence in herself and being patient with her whenever needed. Shakus family will be included in her care up to the extent which is comfortable for them with their daily life routine. Shakus family would be trained to help them understand interpret and manage situations that Shaku finds challenging. Shaku should have access to a community service for people with learning disabilities. Small-scale alternative day services provide supported employment or innovative leisure or educational pursuits. A range of Occupational Therapy models will be used to gather relevant information about the individual and to help plan appropriate treatment and intervention. The model of Human Occupation The basis of this model has three elements:- o Volition o Habituation o Performance Capacity Volition refers to the process by which persons are motivated toward and choose what they do. Habituation analyses the persons habits and routines. Performance Capacity analyses the persons mental, physical sensory capabilities Volition, habituation, performance capacity and environmental conditions always resonate together, creating conditions out of which our thoughts, feelings and behaviour emerge (Kielhofner 2004). The model is very useful and can be applied to both very able and less able individuals. It guides us to ask the right clinical questions in order to build a picture with the person, of their life and what they can and want to achieve The Sensory Integration Model This model addresses problems of sensory organisation in the brain. A number of people with learning disabilities have a problem processing sensory information which impacts on their ability to do everyday tasks. By process of assessment and specially designed programmes Occupational Therapists help to adapt the persons responses to sensory information in order for them to become more adaptive in their ability to interact with their environment. The Canadian Model of Operation The theoretical basis of CMOP focuses on the dynamic relationship between the Person spirituality, cognitive, affective and physical Occupation self care, leisure and productivity Environment physical, institutional, cultural, social The person is connected to the environment, and occupation occurs as a result of the interaction between the person and their environment. Another component to the model is Spirituality which is at the core of a person, is influenced by the environment and gives meaning to occupation. There are two main areas of focus in this model: Occupational performance i.e. the result of the interaction between a person, their environment and occupation .â‚ ¬Ã‚  Client-centred practice i.e. the collaboration and partnership formed in the therapeutic process. As Shakus therapies are taking place, Shaku has the issue of marriage she is not comfortable with. As a social worker I would be thinking about what Shaku wants and what her best interests are in. Shakus parents may want the best for her in their opinion by an arrange marriage. Even before anything like this takes place, Shaku should be given knowledge about all the aspects of marriage and the relation ship. In Shakus condition, it will take a considerable amount of time for her to understand everything properly; there is a need for Shakus parents to understand what her condition is and how much she can take in when it comes to issues like marriage. It should be made sure that Shakus parents do give her a considerable amount of time everyday as this can help a great deal in her recovery, If Shaku is to be married she needs to be educated in special programs for parents with learning disabilities. These programs will help Shaku and her parents understand the issues that affect parents who have learning disabilities, what kind of help is out there for parents with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Services An in-house care plan is needed for Shaku. The care plan will feature the information about her daily living, health, medication, personal care, likes, dislikes, wishes, choices and other aspects. The plan will be updated regularly to act in accordance with her changing needs and will be reviewed at an anuual basis. person centred planning is advised to be undertaken by Shaku and her family. This will help them to choose what ever is best suited for them. A care plan will be written down what Shaku transport, social, educational, health and other community-based services can be linked up. Contacting Social Care Direct will the first step towards getting a social care service. The Care Quality Commission (CQC), takes assessments and follow-up reviews on care homes and services throughout the UK. Their website lists all the assessments which can help Shaku and her family to choose the right care home and to locate one near their residence as well. | To make sure the needs of adults with a learning disability are met in the best way, health and social worker should work together. Shakus community learning disability nurse will fulfil common and special health needs which include challenging behaviour. Shakus Occupational therapy treatment programme will be designed based according to her exclusive life style, environment and choices. Clinical psychology provides evidence based assessment and intervention to individuals with a learning disability who may have a wide range of psychological problems, which are often complex and multiple. We undertake Cognitive Assessment, for example, to support service provision in relation to capacity issues. Music therapy is another communication tool which will be used for Shaku which will help her to express herself. The Physiotherapists provide assessment, advice and treatment to people with a musculo-skeletal problem associated to their learning disability, and any training their carers/famil y need to help them with this. Specifically, we support mobility, posture, eating and drinking and health living, including walking and exercise groups. As necessary, we liaise with other health professionals and non-health professionals in a variety of settings. Shaku experiences difficulty expressing her self verbally, she can be encouraged to communicate through art therapy which uses art materials. Speech and language therapists put emphasis on developing communication, which is vital to good health and social care. In co ordination with her speech therapist Jean, Shaku can also attend regular inclusive communication training courses. The dietician can counsel on healthy eating, special diets or assist with eating and drinking problems. Mental health problems are very common in people who suffer from a learning disability. The psychiatrist is responsible for assessment and treatment of mental health problems and challenging behaviour. Person centred planning is developed by Learning Disability Partnership Boards which is done according to the White Paper, Valuing People. Partnership boards help people with learning difficulties fulfil their desire to live an ordinary life through person centred planning. The following is taken from the meeting that was arranged with Shaku and sets out what she wants to do and the things she is not happy about. Shaku seems very unhappy with her life. She misses school and her friends there. She is bored at home and bored in the day centre. She is angry that she cannot come and go as she pleases either at home or in Hopefield and school was better at this. She says that she find it depressing that the centre is now closing and is scared about what this means. Will she be at home more? More bored? Helpful Hands are rubbish and the leisure activities are watching telly together or going for a walk and they arrive too late. Shaku says that she would really like to see her friends more. She says that she hadnt thought much about marriage. As Shaku experience learning disabilitied, sometimes she can not explain what she wants so she will need support to make decisions. The Framework for person centred planning for Shaku will need be discussed with her parents, her therapists and her social worker. The person centred planning implementation group will follow the action plan on a daily basis. Shakus family, friends and comuunity services like care management, health professionals, services ( organisations that provide services for people with learning disabilities). Mental Capacity Act 2005.PDF British Institute of Learning Disabilities. PDF ADULTS WITH A LEARNING DISABILITY INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT. PDF Occupational Therapy Models and Learning Disability. PDF Safeguarding Adults Supporting the needs of parents with learning disabilities Making life better for people with a learning disability and people with mental health problems who live in Northern Ireland our lives, our choices Learning Disability Services, Wakefield Council, viewed 10 June, 2010 http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/HealthAndSocialCare/AdultsAndOlderPeople/LearningDisabilities/default.htm Choosing the Right Care, AboutLearningDisabilities, viewed, 9 June, 2010 http://www.aboutlearningdisabilities.co.uk/AboutOurSite.html Department of Health, Valuing People Now: a new three year strategy for people with learning Disabilities 2003, viewed 7 June, 2010 http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_093374.pdf Improving work opportunities for people with a learning disability 2006, Department of Health, viewed on June 6, 2010 www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/Learningdisabilities/DH_4138204 Mansell, J (2010) Raising our sights: services for adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_114347.pdf Rights, independence, choice and inclusion Learning Disability Task Force. Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4074727.pdf VALuInG PEOPLE nOw: A nEw THREE-YEAR STRATEGY FOR PEOPLE wITH LEARnInG DISAbILITIES 2009, Department of Health http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_093372.pdf 3. There are some components that are essential for a good social care service. These include designing and delivering arrangements that are adapted to the individual persons requirements and choices. As in Shakus case, she is living with her family, the service should be family-centered, and a care plan which is prepared for her should be what is most suitable for her and her family.  [2]  

From Mind to Supermind: A Statement of Aurobindonian Approach :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

From "Mind" to "Supermind": A Statement of Aurobindonian Approach ABSTRACT: In contrast to Western theories of mind, Aurobindo’s theory is comprehensive and holistic. This theory derives from his ontology. With respect to mind, Aurobindo contends that evolution will not stop with homo sapien. Rather, he posits higher levels of consciousness: Higher Mind, Illumined Mind, Intuitive Mind, Overmind, and Supermind. Higher Mind is an intermediary between the Truth-light above and the human mind. Illumined Mind is Spiritual light. Intuitive Mind possesses swift revelatory vision and luminous insight. Overmind acts as an intermediary between Supermind and Intuitive Mind. Supermind contains the self-determining truths of Divine Consciousness; it is the Real-Idea inherent in all cosmic force and existence. The various concepts and theories of mind prevalent today have had their origin and development in the West. They can be classified as : Psycho-analytical (cf., Sigmund Freud, Karl Jung, A. Adler), Behavioural (cf., Gilbert Ryle), Gestalt (cf., Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler), Physiological (cf., J. J. C. Smart, U. T. Place, Feigl), Psycho-physical (cf., Karl Popper), Evolutionary (cf., Henry Bergson, Samuel Alexander, Whitehead), Functional (cf., R. Rorty, Peter Smith, O. R. Jones), and Mental or Homo Sapiens-oriented (cf., Roger Penrose). The outcome of all such discussions is that "mind" is mysterious and beyond all scientific explanation. According to the main contemporary view, in particular, `there is something essential in human understanding that is not possible to simulate by any computational means’. This indicates that the nature of mind continues to remain a source of acute discomfort to the Western thinkers. Even their new empirical findings regardin g the highly complex mental acitivity is dubious. The object of this paper is to submit that in this context of the West’s indecisiveness and perplexity, Aurobindo’s approach to mind comes as a breath of fresh air. Aurobindo’s theory of mind is as much "inclusive" of the essence of the Western schools of thinkers cited above, as it is "contrastive". The pioneers in this area from William James and McDougall through Freud, Jung and Adler etc, established the paradigm of the "iceberg" with reference to the nature of mind. This can be designated as the "infra-structural" theory of the entity. The views of the "evolutionists" (Darwin, Laplace, Bergson, S. Alexander, Whitehead, for instance,) are "different" but not "enriching". All of them fail to recognise that any infra-structure can, and must have, logically speaking, a "supra-structure" as well, in order to be complete and holistic.

Diabetes Mellitus Essay -- Health Diseases Diabetes Essays medical

Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death listed in the United States. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness. â€Å"In 1996 diabetes contributed to more than 162,000 deaths†(Lewis 1367).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common† (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization. There are many forms of diabetes. â€Å"Diabetes increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease, amputation, infections, kidney damage, eye problems (including blindness), and nerve malfunction† (Husain). I will briefly define the different forms of diabetes and then I will discuss diabetes mellitus in general. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1 is when the pancreas will produce little or no insulin, therefore requiring injections of insulin to control diabetes and prevent ketoacidosis. All patients with this type of diabetes need insulin to survive (Deakins 34). Five to ten percent of all diabetic patients have IDDM. Usual presentation is rapid with classical symptoms of polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger), polyuria (increased urination), and weight loss. IDDM is most commonly seen in patients under thirty, but can be seen in older adults. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2 is caused by a defect in insulin manufacture and release from the beta cell or insulin resistance in the peripheral tissues. Approximately ninety percent of diabetic patients have NIDDM. Genetics play a big role in the etiology of NIDDM and is often associated with obesity. Usually presentation is slow and often insidious with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, poor wound healing, and recurrent infection. Primarily occurs in adults over thirty. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance, which occurs during pregnancy. Occurs in approximately three percent of pregnancies, and usually disappears after pregnancy. Women with GDM are at higher risk for having diabetes in the future. GDM is associated with increased risk of morbidity. Women should be screened for GDM between the 24th and the 28th weeks of gestation. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious... ...ur to six hours to reach the bloodstream, but stays in the bloodstream for about thirty-six hours. It peaks about fourteen to twenty-four hours after injection. Diabetes affects the entire body. It slowly deteriorates every one of the body’s organs. You can live a long and prosperous life as a well-controlled diabetic, but a short and miserable life if noncompliant. Works Cited Deakins, Dee A. Oral Hypoglycemics. Nursing 92; The World’s Largest Nursing Journal Nov. 1992: 34-39. Doenges, Marilynn E. Nursing Care Plans; Guidelines for Planning Patient Care. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 1989. Drass, Janice. Insulin Injections. Nursing 92; The World’s Largest Nursing Journal Nov. 1992:40-43. Harkreader, Helen. Fundamentals of Nursing; Caring and Clinical Judgment. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 2000. Husain, Rahat. The Diabetes Information Page. Undated. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/5769/diabete.html. Lewis, Sharon Mantik. Medical Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. St. Louis: Mosby, 2000. McCance, Kathryn L. Pathophysiology; The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994.

Effects of Television on Children: A Chain Indicating Their Behavior Es

Kate Moody, author of Growing Up On Television: The TV Effect, explains that a nine-year-old’s effort to slip his teacher a box of poisoned chocolates, a seven-year-old’s use of ground glass in the family stew, a seventeen-year-old’s re-enactment of a televised rape and murder by bludgeoning the victim’s head and slashing her throat, and a fifteen-year-old’s real-life rerun of a rape with a broomstick televised in the movie Born Innocent are all examples of crimes copied from TV (86). Many children are introduced to the world of television before they enter school and grow up committing crimes because they were under the influence of television. In Mary L. Gavin’s article, â€Å"How TV Affects Your Child,† found on KidsHealth.org, which is the most visited website for information about health, behavior, and development from before birth through the teen years, Mary reported that two-thirds of infants and toddlers watch television an a verage of two hours a day, kids under the age of six watch an average of about two hours of television a day, and children between the ages of eight and eighteen years old spend nearly four hours a day in front of a television screen (Gavin). The article found on the Media Awareness Network website, â€Å"Television’s Impact on Kids,† reports that television is one of the most prevalent media influences in kids’ lives (Media Awareness Network). Lately, reality shows like Bad Girls’ Club and Jersey Shore are being aired because they are full of drama that catches the viewers’ attention. Children are more receptive of what they see on TV than adults are and are more likely to mimic those actions. The negative influence of television causes children to absorb and retaliate what they see on TV, which in part cause... ...use. And often, there's no discussion about the consequences of drinking alcohol, doing drugs, smoking cigarettes, and having premarital sex (Gavin). Children who view TV become involved in three processes: (1) they are exposed to new behaviors and characters, (2) they learn to do or acquire those behaviors, and (3) they eventually accept them as their own (Moody 86-87). Children are attracted to violence, and violence on TV is portrayed as tolerable. As a result, kids show aggressive behavior and learn to handle their problems with violence, which leads to an increase in crime. Also, children that watch shows that contain sexual content are more likely to become involved in sexual activities. Children assimilate everything they see on TV, and they assume behaviors like violence and sex are appropriate, which guides them to actually undertake in such activities.

Carlos Ghosn Leader of Nissan and Renault

Individual Term Paper Case 11: Carlos Ghosn: Multicultural Leader as CEO of Nissan and Renault Executive Summary Leadership is the ability to influence others to achieve a common goal. Culture is the values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are passed from generation to generation. Strategy is the choices an organization makes on how they will operate and differentiate themselves from competitors. All of these three variables (leadership, culture and strategy) make up the formula for successful performance of a firm: P=f (L+C+S).A firm’s successful performance depends on strong leadership, adaptability to any culture, and a strong strategy. Leadership, Culture and Strategy all need to work hand-in-hand for an organization to be successful and achieve their goals. The problem many mangers face is the ability to have a Global Mindset, adapt to many different cultures, and have the flexibility to make adjustments in any situation. Carlos Ghosn, a French businessman, bo rn in Brazil to Lebanese parents, became the CEO of both Renault and Nissan. Carlos was a successful and effective leader because he had a Global Mindset.Carlos knew how to listen, kept his promises, encouraged, motivated, and instilled a sense of urgency in the Japanese workers. Carlos Ghosn was able to turnaround Nissan from $254 million in losses and a debt of $19 billion. Even though he was not Japanese and faced many challenges, he was able to revive the ailing Japanese automobile company, Nissan, within two years. While in Japan, Carlos Ghosn made culture a priority, was able to adapt to the Japanese culture, and even received praises from the Japanese workers and public.Carlos Ghosn’s strategy of forming cross-functional teams among the Japanese workers was hard at first due to their resistance; but the teams ended up bringing much success to the revival of Nissan, while also being the CEO of Renault. Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault and Nissan, is a perfect example of the formula for successful performance of a firm: P=f (L+C+S). Therefore, I recommend that all managers make culture a priority. In order for a firm to have successful performance in an organization, there should be a strong combination of leadership, culture, and strategy.Managers must be able to have a combination of all three to be able to run a company successfully in a foreign country. Leadership is culturally contingent; so being able to adapt to any culture will shape a managers leadership style, strateg and the mission and vision of an organization. Leadership, Culture & Strategy Leadership is the ability to influence others to achieve a common goal. Leadership is also the ability to influence people’s way of thinking, their attitudes, and their behaviors. Leadership is culturally-contingent; culture influences leadership in many ways.In order to motivate others, a leader needs to understand the needs, goals, value systems, and expectations of the people; no matter their culture or background. No single style of leadership works for every culture, country, or situation. The perception of what makes a successful leader varies from one culture to another. A leader is responsible for running the entire organization and has the responsibility of deciding what leadership style to use in each of the countries they are working in. An effective leader successfully carries out the mission and vision of the organization.For an organization to achieve their goals, effective leadership is crucial. Effective leaders know about the global business world, are able to adapt to any culture, and are organization-savvy. Effective loaders have a Global Mindset; a more flexible style of leadership that can be applied to any organization anywhere in the world. Carlos Ghosn, CEO of both French Renault and Japanese Nissan, was a successful leader with a Global Mindset. Carlos knew how to motivate his employees and knew how to work with multicultural teams.Motivation and l eadership is affected by cultural, societal, and political variables. Culture also affects the mission and vision of the organization. Culture is the values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are passed from generation to generation. Culture is what the people in a particular society believe, follow, and pass on from generation to generation, think, want and would like to achieve. Culture influences how people behave, what they expect from leaders, what kind of influence the leader will have, and what kind of leadership style a manager should follow.Not all cultures can be motivated in the same way. Managers need to know everything they can about a culture so they can use the best leadership style applicable to that culture. Managers will need to adjust their leadership style to accommodate the norms, attitudes, and other variables within the culture. It is very important for the managers of an organization to understand the culture of the country they will be working in. They have to learn and study the language, behaviors, body language, religion, politics, government, etc.Culture influences negotiations, the decision-making process, agreements, concessions, the way information is perceived, and the way business is handled. Lack of in-depth knowledge of a country’s culture could lead to failure, loss of money and time, unhappy employees, and a broken contract for an organization. Culture also affects the strategy an organization chooses for competitive advantage over competitors. An organization’s strategy is how they wish to compete in the business world. Strategy is the choices an organization makes on the way they will operate and differentiates themselves from the competitors.Leadership and motivation are very important factors in implementing a successful strategy in an organization. An organization’s strategy will give them the competitive advantage in the global business world. The Power of the 3 The formula for successf ul performance of a firm is P=f (L+C+S). A firm is able to perform due to the Leadership, Culture and Strategy of the organization and is dependent on the three. In order for a firm to be successful, leadership, culture and strategy must work hand-in-hand for the organization to achieve their goals.Leadership is dependent on Culture, Culture influences Leadership and the Strategy helps the organization have a competitive advantage over competitors. All three go hand-in-hand for a firm to achieve success. Without effective leadership, a culture will not be able to put their strategy to work. Not all leadership styles will work in all cultures. Cultural variables (values, work norms, locus of control, etc) affects everyone involved and shapes the leadership role. Managers need to make adjustments to their leadership styles depending on the country they are working in.They must adjust their leadership behaviors according to the norms, attitudes and variables in the society. All three v ariables (leadership, culture, and strategy) are necessary for an organization to work and be successful. Case Analysis: Carlos Ghosn Carlos Ghosn, CEO of both Nissan and Renault, became a successful French businessman, an effective global leader, and a multicultural manager because of his strong leadership skills, culture adaptability, and strong strategy. Carlos Ghosn was able to revive Nissan from $254 million in losses and a debt of $19 billion within two years.Carlos’ success was due to the un-Japanese changes he brought to the Japanese company, by persuading Japanese workers to accept change, and by implementing a sense of â€Å"urgency† in them. Carlos Ghosn motivated the employees, established high goals, and made responsibility clear to all levels of workers. Carlos Ghosn expected the Japanese workers to participate in the decision-making process, took their suggestions, lifted morale, and did not accept any excuses from them; only solutions. Carlos Ghosn, an effective but unconventional leader, was simple, straightforward, and transparent.Carlos Ghosn’s transparency made him an effective leader. Carlos Ghosn was an un-Japanese manager running a Japanese company; while still being the CEO of the French company Renault. Carlos faced many challenges because he knew nothing about Japan, their culture, or their language. Carlos made cultural diversity a priority by attending all Japanese events, by stressing face-to-face meetings with Japanese workers, by listening to all employees, and by respecting the Japanese culture. He avoided blending the French and Japanese cultures and appreciated the differences in the cultures.He made bold decisions, shook the hands of the Japanese workers even though it was against their culture, made English the official language, and even had to hire a bodyguard when the environment was tense at the Japanese & French company headquarters. Carlos Ghosn was more concerned with making the companies profitab le; rather than being culturally sensitive Carlos Ghosn’s strategy was cross-functional teams. Even though it was hard to form cross-functional teams among the Japanese workers because of their resistance, Carlos explained why they were necessary and how they would bring overall benefits to the company.Cross-functional teams were formed and Carlos made them all responsible and accountable for their actions. All Japanese workers were involved in the revival of Nissan and the Japanese workers began accepting and trusting Carlos Ghosn. The revival of Nissan was a success because every worker was involved and Japanese workers knew they had a voice at Nissan. Conclusion In conclusion, Carlos Ghosn and his successful revival of Nissan, is a great example of the formula for firm performance: P=f (L+C+S).Carlos was a strong, effective leader and a mutlticultural expert whose innovative management practices brought him much success both at Nissan and Renault. A firm’s performan ce is contingent of Leadership, Culture and Strategy. Above all, Culture has the most influence over Leadership. Culture shapes the leadership style, mission, vision, and strategy of an organization. A manager needs to be ready to adapt and adjust to any culture or situation to be successful. An effective leader is one who has a strong leadership style that can adapt to any culture and has a strong strategy to implement.

Islam and Ramadan Essay

Ramadan in Britain during the early Eighties, when I was growing up, was very different from the way it is now. There was no awareness of the rotating month of fasting in the Islamic calendar, no flexibility to working hours, no facility for prayer in offices and no calls for prayer on television. For one month every year, my family and I would undertake this annual Islamic duty furtively, tip-toeing around for the pre-dawn meal for fear of waking up the neighbours with the kitchen clatter, and reluctant to talk about the practice for fear of censure or mockery. Four decades on, Ramadan is marked far more openly in Britain. Some employers are offering flexi-time to those Muslims who, from this week, will undertake a daily fast for 30 consecutive days that will involve around 19 hours of abstention from all food and drink – from sunrise to sunset. Some firms are allowing Muslims to begin their working day later, so they can catch up on sleep after waking up at 3am to eat, and to end their shifts earlier, so that they are not working when they are physically weakened. The Eid festival that marks the end of Ramadan is also increasingly celebrated in public venues around the country, including Trafalgar Square in London. Channel 4 announced last week that it would broadcast one out of five â€Å"calls for prayer† during the month-long fasting period. The channel called it a deliberately â€Å"provocative† act that would, it hoped, challenge prejudices that link Islam to extremism. It is not just Ramadan that has received a PR boost in recent times but fasting itself. In the early days of fasting – at school and then at university – I was often warned by well-wishers of the danger I might be putting my body under and that abstaining from eating and drinking water for long hours could do me harm. Now, fasting seems to have been reinvented as the ancients saw it – a way of giving the body a rest, cleansing both physically and spiritually, and a way of sharpening our collective sense of self-restraint. These objectives are being resurrected in our obesity-riddled Western world, with its binge culture, its childhood obesity and its addictions to food. Dr Michael Mosley’s Horizon investigation in 2012, which studied the effects of intermittent fasting, and in which he fasted two days out of every week (living on 600 calories during his fasting days) spawned the popularity of the 5:2 diet. Dr Mosley presented medical evidence for the life-extending and life-improving benefits of fasting on the human body, though this is still contentious territory in the scientific and nutritional community. Even grander claims came from American scientists last year who said that fasting for regular periods could help protect the brain against degenerative illness. Researchers at the National Institute on Ageing in Baltimore found evidence that a severe reduction of calorie intake for one or two days a week could protect the brain from the most detrimental effects of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Aside from the health benefits, there are ethical reasons for fasting, too, even for the most irreligious amongst us. Steven Poole, in his book, You Aren’t What You Eat: Fed Up With Gastroculture, argues compellingly against the recent explosion of â€Å"foodie culture† in Britain, in which food has become a self-indulgent, status-bound and profligate middle-class pastime. Celebrity chefs are now worshipped, he says, and people post pictures of their meals on Facebook. â€Å"Western civilisation is eating itself stupid,† Poole writes. â€Å"The literary and visual rhetoric of food in our culture has become decoupled from any reasonable concern for nutrition or environment.† It is naà ¯ve to think that a few hours of abstinence will harm the majority of the overweight population in the West, though of course, those with certain ailments such as heart conditions or diabetes should avoid fasting on medical grounds (and are exempt from the obligation of Ramadan). After all, hundreds of thousands of people across the world have access to only one meal at best, and limited water, yet they live on. Mohammed Shafiq, founding member of the Ramadhan Foundation, believes that the persistent hunger and weakness of religious fasting may slow us down but it also increases our compassion for those who have been weakened physically in some way. â€Å"During Ramadan, you understand how someone feels when they live in a place with no food or water.† In this sense, there are gains to be made for the soul and its expanded capacity for empathy. Fasting leads us to think about our bodies, their dependencies and their frailties, as well as those of our fellow men and women. And that’s not a bad thing.

Background of the Study Essay

In the recent years, mobile phone usage has been in its rapid growth. 80% of the world’s population now has a mobile phone. Based on the statistics, there are 5 billion mobile phones in the world out of which only 1. 08 billion are smartphones. According to the research compiled by GfK Asia, smartphones have taken over the market for mobile handsets in Southeast Asia. Also GfK Asia says that in countries like Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines and Cambodia, growth in smartphone use year over year ranged from 40% to as high as 400%. The smartphones market in the Philippines grew the fastest among Southeast Asian countries over the past year, which also recorded the fastest increase in market share versus feature phones. Most of the mobile phones nowadays are addressed as â€Å"Smartphone†; because they just not only provide original telephone features, but also various functions that can be done with other devices, such as PDAs or computers. Along with the smartphone fundamental capabilities to make voice call, video call, SMS, and MMS, smartphone have been repositioned as a ? new information medium (May & Hearn, 2005). These new functions make smartphones different from regular feature phones. Therefore, the society has slowly moved their cell phone purchasing decision to smartphone (Min, et al. , 2012). Smartphone technology is inevitably changing peoples’ behaviors; especially young adults using smartphone frequently today. CourseSmart, which is the world‘s largest provider of digital course materials and eTextbooks, found that university students can‘t go long without checking their digital devices, including smartphone, laptop and more (CourseSmart, 2011) University students are very in to checking their accounts in Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or even sending emails etc. using smartphone with their web connection feature. Today, students are using their smartphones for nearly everything and they consume mobile information almost everywhere that allows them. Therefore, consumers are highly concern with technologies that they might change their devices from time to time. In other words, due to the advancement of technology devices can be easily replaced. Hence, for the smartphone manufacturers it is essential to know what factors that actually affecting purchase intention of smartphone among young adults.

Plato’s Theory of Forms Essay

Qu.1. A] Explain Plato’s concept of the Forms. B] Evaluate carefully Forms as a way of understanding the world. Plato, Socrates’ famous pupil, created the Theory of Forms. This essay will explore the ideas of Plato’s theory, the strengths and weaknesses of his thoughts, and how they affect our understanding of the world. The Theory of Forms states that everything has a Form- whether it is a chair, a bed, an animal etc; absolutely everything has a Form. Plato also states that ‘Forms are perfection’. Plato says there are four Forms for ethical values; these are Truth, Justice, Beauty, and Goodness. Plato believes there is a hierarchy of Forms, with the Form of Goodness being at the top. Plato believes that True Knowledge comes from knowing the four values, and using them to achieve Ultimate Reality. The way to achieve True Knowledge is ‘Only through the mind’ according to Plato. You have to separate body and soul, and concentrate on mind, to accomplish Ultimate Reality. Plato says we are born with the knowledge of Form, and through education, we recollect this knowledge. For example, we say ‘that is a beautiful flower’, but what is beauty? As we grow up, we are told what objects are beautiful; Plato states that we learn of Forms through experience and learning. Plato uses the ‘Analogy of the Cave’ to explain his Theory. The sun in the analogy represents the Form of Goodness; it gives life to everything, and is the source of all. In Christianity, the Form of Goodness is God, as He is the creator and leader. Plato believes to become a true philosopher you must attain knowledge of Forms, and to accomplish true enlightenment you must have true awareness of the Form of Goodness. Plato’s ‘Analogy of the Cave’ also shows that Forms are in a world beyond shadows and beyond appearance, they are the truth within our souls. Saint- Exupery agrees with this by saying ‘What is essential is invisible to the eye’. Plato suggests there is another reality, a reality that is invisible and beyond our senses. Plato says that facts (sight, touch, smell etc) assist in Forms, for example, we look at things to see if they are good. However, Plato says senses are unreliable and relative, and do not give an absolute view on anything. Plato’s ‘Analogy of the Cave’ also explains that although everyone knows the Forms, many refuse to accept them as it can take away the security of illusions, and the world as you know it. Plato believes Forms cannot be taught, only valued, and utilized. Plato’s Theory of Forms has had many criticisms, one being that it is not really a theory. It relies on the ‘Analogy of the Cave’ to support and explain its’ details. This suggests that Plato is unsure of Forms himself, or at least how to explain them. It is suggested that the Theory is unsure of the extent of the Forms, for example, is there a Form for humanity or each individual? This is important as the answer could change the concept of Form, and alter how the concept is used to understand the world. Another criticism is that Plato states that each Form is unique, but does not explain why this is. Plato also tells us about the Forms but does not say what they actually are. This suggests he has little evidence behind his assumptions, and perhaps does not fully understand Forms himself. Plato’s Theory also has many strong points. It is true that we know Forms- such as beauty etc, and learn about them throughout our lives. This suggests that we are born with knowledge of Forms within our minds, and understand the world using these Forms. It is also true that our senses are unreliable and ever-changing, for example we say something is ‘big’ but compared to something else it may be ‘small’. The way we believe things are true, is by using our senses. This suggests that the way we understand the world is untrustworthy and false, as it is based on unreliable sources. Another strong point is how many of us are secure in our world, and do not want to believe another world exists. We are comfortable in believing what surrounds us is true, and do not want our reality to be shattered. Overall, Plato’s theory is complicated and based on the fact that everything has a Form, and we all have an innate knowledge of Forms. Plato’s theory is criticised because it is unclear and imprecise, with little evidence to back it up. Nevertheless, it offers us a different way of thinking and a new light to see things. We have no idea whether it is true- how can we really know anything? Plato’s Theory of Forms is comprehendible and definitely possible and allows us to broaden our mind and consider another reality.

Assignment Project Management and Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment Project Management and Quiz - Essay Example For each PERT action, estimates are amalgamated thrice in order to settle on the potential activity completion period. On the other hand, in the case of CPM it is supposition is that the times are identified by assurance. The development of PERT took place in the period of 1958 when the Special Projects Office belonging to the U.S. Navy first founded the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) in order to prepare and manage the program of Polaris missile. Even today, PERT is used to supervise unlimited schedules of different government agreements. In 1957, about the same period as PERT, J. E.Kelly from Remington Rand as well as M. R.Walker belonging to du Pont worked out the critical path method (CPM). Initially, at du Pont CPM assisted in the construction and preservation of chemical plants. Among all the procedures of CPM and PERT six of them are similar in both cases. Initially, this includes portraying the project as well as all its momentous tasks or actions. Secondly, bu ilding up the connections among the activities and selecting which of the actions would head others. Thirdly, it involves mapping out the network linking the entire list of activities. Fourthly, it comprises of allocating time and the estimations of costs to individual activities. Next, it consists of calculating the most extensive time path via the network. Lastly, it contains the utilization of the network to assist in preparing, arranging, supervising and administrating the project. Both of these techniques are very advantageous. They formally recognize the duties and tasks which must be finalized on time in order to ensure that the entire project finishes on time. Moreover, it also works out which jobs and duties can be delayed for a period of time if there is a need for the reallocation of resources to get hold of the missed jobs. Conversely, the connection between tasks and time is not immediately clear. This makes it difficult for others to understand them who are not familia r with these techniques. Example of St. Paul Hospital In order to complete the project of the construction of St. Paul hospital, PERT and CPM techniques were used. Primarily, it was decided to select the medical and administrative staff for the hospital. Secondly, the site where the hospital would be located was chosen followed by extensive site survey in order to determine whether the site was suitable or not for the construction to begin. Subsequently, the selection of all the essential equipments was made which will be required to carry out the tasks in the hospital. Next, the final and conclusive construction proposals and designs were prepared. Followed by this, the utilities were to be brought to the site in order to begin the procedure of establishing the hospital. Later on the process of recruitment and selection of the hospital staff was to be carried out. This included sending out application forms along with the specified designation which was required. When the applicant s applied, interviews were to be held and positions were to be filled of the hospital staff. After that all the selected vital equipments were to be purchased and delivered to the site. Eventually, the construction of the hospital was to begin and ultimately completed. Work Cited Render.B, Stair.M.S, Hanna.M.E. Quantitative Analysis for Management. 10th Ed. NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited,